The Termite Control Certificate PDFs
Biological control is recorded around 300 AD in China, when colonies of weaver ants, Oecophylla smaragdina, were intentionally put in citrus plantations to control beetles and caterpillars.5 Additionally in China, ducks were utilized in paddy fields to consume insects, as exemplified in ancient cave art. In 1762an Indian mynah has been brought to Mauritius to control locusts, and about precisely the exact same period, citrus trees in Burma were connected with bamboos to allow ants to pass between them and assist control caterpillars.
Biological pest control is a way of controlling pests such as insects and fleas by using other organisms.8 It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory or other natural mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management role. Classical biological control involves the introduction of natural enemies of the pest which are bred in the lab and released into the environment.
The released organism will breed and survive, and supply long-term control.9 Biological control can be an important component of an integrated pest management programme. .
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For example: mosquitoes are often controlled by putting Bt Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Israelensis, a bacterium which infects and kills mosquito larvae, in local water resources.10
Mechanical pest control is the use of hands-on techniques as well as simple equipment and apparatus, that offers a protective barrier between plants and insects. This is referred to as tillage and is one of the earliest methods of weed control in addition to being used for pest control; wireworms, the creatures of the common click beetle, are extremely destructive pests of newly ploughed grassland, and perennial cultivation exposes them to the birds and other predators that feed on them.11.
Crop rotation can help control insects by depriving them of their host plants. It is a major tactic in the control of corn rootworm, and has decreased early season incidence of Colorado potato beetle by as much as 95 percent.12
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A trap crop is a crop of a plant which attracts insects, diverting them from nearby plants.13 Pests aggregated on the trap crop can be easily controlled using pesticides or alternative methods.14 But trap-cropping, on its own, has often neglected to price effectively reduce insect densities on big industrial scales, without the use of pesticides, possibly due to the pests' ability to disperse back into the main field.14.
Pesticides are applied to crops by agricultural aircraft, tractor-mounted crop sprayers or as seed dressings to control pests. But effective control by pesticides is not simple; the right formulation must be chosen, the timing is often critical, the method of application is important, adequate protection and retention on the harvest are necessary.
This is very important in countries where there are natural reservoirs of pests and their enemies in the countryside surrounding plantation reference crops, and these co-exist in a delicate balance. Often in less-developed countries, the crops are well adapted to the local situation and no pesticides are needed. Where innovative farmers are using fertilisers to develop enhanced crop varieties, these are often more susceptible to pest damage, but the indiscriminate application of pesticides may be detrimental in the longer term.15.
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The effectiveness of chemical pesticides tends to diminish over time. This is because any organism that manages to endure the initial application will pass on its genes to its offspring and a resistant strain is going to be developed. In this way, a number of the most serious pests have developed resistance and therefore are no longer killed by pesticides that used to kill their ancestors.
